Evaluation of The Efficiency of Various Commercial Products for The Bioremediation of Hydrocarbon Contaminated Soil

Summary Bioremediation has become an important method for the treatment of terrestrial oil spills and is often favoured over strictly physical-chemical methods. In this study, enzymatic analyses and signature lipid biomarkers were employed to evaluate the efficacy of selected bioremediation products on control and oil contaminated soil plots. It is envisioned that these biological indicators may be used as possible adjuncts to the strictly physical-chemical criteria most commonly employed. The application of the enzymatic and signature biomarker methods for product evaluation proved successful. The enzymatic assays provided a valuable insight into shifts in the functional diversity of the soil microbial communities resultant from the various treatments. Stimulation or inhibition of the microbial communities as a result of the various treatments was also demonstrated, particularly with regards to dehydrogenase activity. Phospholipid fatty acid profiles proved sufficiently sensitive to allow differentiation between products and resultant microbial communities that corresponded to satisfactory and unsatisfactory petroleum hydrocarbon removal.     

Soil erosion response to climatic change and human activity during the Quaternary on the Loess Plateau, China

We review published stratigraphic, archaeological and pedosedimentary evidence in order to reconstruct the history of soil erosion in China. Documentary evidence of climatic and flood events of the Yellow River and modern hydrological and meteorological data are synthesised to analyse the history of past human activity and its effects on soil erosion intensity during four nested periods of time during the Quaternary. The most intensive period of erosion during the Quaternary was in the Holocene. During the Holocene, intervals of intensive soil erosion occurred at 7500–7000 BP, 200 BCE–0 CE, 1000–1600 CE (Christian era) and during the 1930s, 1950s and the later part of the 1960s of the last century. Large-scale human activity including warfare during early Chinese history, population migration, the inner wars in 1930s, the Cultural Revolution and the recent national campaign to aid soil and water conservation are all closely related to the rate of soil erosion on the Loess Plateau and to sediment loads in the Yellow River. Overall, soil erosion during the transition from dry-cool to wet-warm climates was more intense than during wet-warm and cool-dry climatic episodes, but serious accelerated soil erosion has occurred during the last 2,500 years because of man-induced devastation of vegetation and other anthropogenic disturbance of the environment. Modern rates of soil erosion on the Loess Plateau are a combination of both intensive natural and human-induced erosions and are some four times greater than occurred in the geological past. The recent implementation of soil and water conservation measures has decreased sediment load in the Yellow River by 25%.     

环境行政违法行为中违法主体的认定

通过对几起环境行政违法行为中违法主体认定的案例分析，指出，随着市场经济的发展，企业的经济行为日趋复杂，企业环境管理模式日渐多样化，对环境行政违法行为中违法主体的认定，必须以事实为依据，以法律为准绳。     

Activity of root voles (Microtus oeconomus) under snow: social encounters synchronize individual activity rhythms

Microtine rodents usually display short-term activity rhythms synchronized by light. Social interactions have also been suggested to act as a zeitgeber, entraining individual activity, but evidence supporting this is scarce. In areas with a permanent snow cover during winter, small rodents spend most of the time in the subnivean space, between the snow cover and the ground, where they most likely are unaffected by otherwise dominating photoperiodic cues. The subnivean space, however, is fragmented, and this limits movement and may isolate individuals living just a few meters apart. These conditions provide excellent opportunities to test for the existence of social synchronization. During two winters, I experimentally decreased the subnivean fragmentation by placing out a network of corrugated aluminium sheets on the ground before snowfall, thus increasing the potential for movement and social interaction within the subnivean space. Other areas were left as controls. Intensive PIT-tag monitoring in the subnivean system provided individual activity data of root voles (Microtus oeconomus) without disturbing normal activity. The data revealed that microtines under snow displayed a free-running activity rhythm and that the activity was evenly distributed throughout the 24-h day, indicating a lack of photo-entrainment. Despite this lack of light, interacting individuals were synchronous, and pairwise synchrony decreased with decreasing potential for social interactions. These results suggest that social interactions indeed entrain microtine activity. Several possible adaptive advantages of the synchrony of microtine rodent activity have been proposed, and these theories are discussed in light of the result presented.     

城市不同危险人群血铅与ALAD活性和FEP值的关系

本研究测试了某城市６０例暴露于不同浓度空气铅的血铅水平、δ－ＡＬＡＤ活性和ＦＥＰ值。结果表明其血铅水平随暴露程度的增大而升高，δ－ＡＬＡＤ活性则随暴露和蔼的增大而降低，经统计学分析，各组之间存在显著性差异。     

Seasonal Dynamics of Cattle Reproduction in the North

Russian Journal of Ecology -     

四川省彭县葛仙山旅游资源的成因分析与开发方式

葛仙山为龙门山脉中段前山一座紧邻川西平原的中山，距成都约６５ｋｍ，山峰海拔１０２０～１６００ｍ，地形险要。有丰富的科学考察型旅游资源和消遣度假型旅游资源。科学考察型旅游资源包括飞来峰构造和飞来峰地貌、第四纪地壳运动、水系变化和喀斯特地貌。彭灌飞来峰群和阿尔卑斯飞来峰群同负盛名，而葛仙山飞来峰为彭灌飞来峰群中逆推距离最远者，碾掩构造的原地系统地层最新，唯有在葛仙山才能了解彭灌飞来峰群形成于新构造运动中的事实。第四纪地壳运动现象明显。水系变化为次生河袭夺了原始顺向河，喀斯特地貌类型众多，形态典型，可准确研究喀斯特发育的起始时间。消遣度假型旅游资源包括林海雪山、药用植物园、奇峰异洞、泉水、佛光和日出、宗教圣地。在开发上应发挥临近成都和资源丰富的优势，发展多种形式、多种内容的观光，吸引１～２日游的游客。种植奇花异草，广泛造林，洞穴内铺路并安装彩灯，修建富有艺术性的配套建筑。     

复合垂直流构建湿地净化污水机制研究 Ⅰ微生物类群和基质酶

构建湿地是 2 0世纪 70年代才蓬勃兴起的一种处理污水的方式 ,由于其造价和运行费用低 ,净化效果稳定 ,越来越引起各国的兴趣和高度重视。现已广泛应用于城市生活污水、工业污水和农业污水的控制 ,有着十分广阔的应用前景。虽然关于构建湿地净化污水的研究已有不少报道 ,但关于湿地基质中的微生物类群和基质酶在污水净化中的作用仍不清楚。通过对生长在复合垂直流构建湿地和天然环境条件下菰和石菖蒲根区微生物类群数量及其根区基质酶活性的测定发现 :同种植物在复合垂直流构建湿地根区微生物的数量比天然条件下的要高 ,特别是硝化细菌和反硝化细菌的数量 ,最高可达 3个数量级以上 ;同时复合垂直流构建湿地中不同植物根区的酶活性有较大差别 ,这为研究复合垂直流构建湿地净化污水的机理和以酶活性强弱作为净化效果的评价指标提供了科学资料 ,为进一步研究提供了一条新思路     

基于酶化学计量法探究有机无机肥配施调控果园土壤微生物碳、磷代谢机制

土壤微生物的C、N、P养分需求和代谢限制与环境养分的有效性有着密切关系.然而,有机无机肥配施如何影响苹果园土壤微生物C、N、P代谢限制亟待进一步研究.因此,基于2008年建立的苹果园长期定位试验,应用土壤酶化学计量学理论与方法,系统研究有机无机肥配施对土壤C、N和P周转相关的酶活性（β-1,4-葡萄糖苷酶,BG;β-1,4-N-乙酰基氨基葡萄糖苷酶,NAG;L-亮氨酸氨基肽酶,LAP;碱性磷酸酶,PHOS）及其化学计量特征的影响,并分析其与环境因子和微生物碳利用率之间的关系.试验共设4个处理,分别为不施肥（CK）、单施氮磷钾化肥（NPK）、单施有机肥（M）和化肥配施有机肥（MNPK）.结果表明：①在果树各生育期,施用有机肥处理（MNPK和M）的微生物量碳（microC）含量显著高于不施有机肥处理（CK和NPK）;微生物量氮（microN）含量,在萌芽期NPK、MNPK和M处理比CK处理分别增加了89%、269%和213%（P<0.05）.②CK处理在萌芽期有较高的叶片ω（N）和ω（P）（29.8 g ·kg^-1和2.17 g ·kg^-1）,并且仅果树萌芽期的叶片P含量与土壤有效磷（AP）含量呈显著负相关.③土壤酶化学计量分析的所有数据点均在1 ：1线以上,表现为微生物群落存在较强的P限制;果树生长期,矢量长度和角度的变化范围分别为0.56~0.79和59.3°~67.7°,且研究中矢量角度均>45°,也体现了微生物存在较强的磷限制.④RDA和随机森林模型分析结果表明,有机碳和速效氮（AN）是影响矢量长度的主要理化因子,AP、AN和土壤含水量是影响矢量角度的主要理化因子;SEM分析表明,AN和可溶性有机碳（DOC）直接影响microC和microN,AP直接影响microP和microN,DOC和AP直接影响矢量长度,AP和microN直接影响矢量角度;微生物碳利用率与矢量长度呈显著正相关,与矢量角度呈显著负相关.综上所述,有机无机肥配施通过影响果树不同生育期土壤碳和磷含量,调控微生物碳、磷代谢进而影响微生物碳利用率,为有机无机肥配施提升土壤质量、维持土壤健康提供科学依据.     

不同氨氮浓度对4株常见藻株生长及酶活性的影响

高氨氮问题是影响微藻处理养猪沼液的难点.本文以筛选获得的衣藻、葡萄藻、紫球藻和栅藻为研究对象,液体培养下模拟现实沼液废水,分别于培养基中设置50、500和2 000 mg·L~(-1)的氨氮浓度,探究不同氨氮浓度对微藻生长及藻细胞酶活性的影响.结果表明,不同氨氮浓度下,衣藻和栅藻的生长受到不同程度的抑制,生物量和生物产率均低于正常培养基;50 mg·L~(-1)氨氮下紫球藻的生物量和生物产率分别为1. 78 g·L~(-1)和0. 16 g·(L·d)~(-1),高于KOCK培养基; 500 mg·L~(-1)氨氮中葡萄藻的生物量和生物产率分别为1. 95 g·L~(-1)和0. 18 g·(L·d)~(-1),高于BG11培养基.各藻种的SOD、POD和CAT均表现为随着氨氮浓度的升高,活性最终呈下降的趋势,丙二醛(MDA)亦然.本研究期望为微藻处理高浓度氨氮沼液提供理论基础.